In Japanese, the first person singular (“I”) has several variants. Women generally use “watashi”, whereas men have three different forms at their disposal: “boku”, “ore” and “watashi”. When addressing one’s superiors, “boku” is the appropriate form. “Ore” is a more familiar word, used with friends, with a girlfriend, or other people you are close to. For official speeches, interviews and public speaking engagements, “watashi” would be the common form. If women call themselves “boku” or “ore”, it indicates sexual deviance; if men identify as “watashi”, there is a homosexual connotation.
My father, who used to be a translator, told me about how he encountered a problem with the first person perspective in Japanese while translating a novel by a young writer. In a nutshell, the story in this case consisted of a monologue given by the protagonist, and throughout the course of the book, you gradually learn that the main character is a girl. This gives quite an unexpected twist to the plot.
Because in Japanese gender is already expressed when speaking in the first person, the use of “boku” for the female character would indicate a desire to be more boyish. This would also unintentionally imply an aversion to her female identity. But if the character would call herself “watashi” from the outset, this would give the impression of an effeminate boy. This would thwart the development of a storyline in which the character who is apparently male, actually turns out to be female. In the end, my father concluded that it is impossible to provide a bona fide translation of the misleading English “I”, because in Japanese, the first person is already an expression of identity.
It is also characteristic of Japanese to omit subject pronouns in a sentence. Of course there are almost no novels without a subject’s perspective, but whether it is written in the first or the third person, an explicit subject is not always necessary, as long as it is implied by the context. On the contrary, if the subject were continually mentioned, such as in the previously mentioned monologue, it would establish a strong self-assertion. This makes it possible to emphasize the subject’s position by employing “watashi”. It is currently common practice for an editor to mark all the superfluous “watashi” with red while proofreading the manuscripts submitted by new writers.
I barely speak English, but when I look at the English translation of my novels, my text, which seems to meander across the page in Japanese, looks so meticulous and coherent. And when I give interviews abroad, I have the feeling that my words sound far more logical and calculated.
Translation is troublesome, and the differences between languages pose an obstacle which cannot easily be circumvented. Even considering my command of Japanese and that I speak and write novels in this language, there is an aspect of translation already involved. Because as soon as you’re in contact with other people and you attempt to communicate, there is inevitably a kind of translation at play: with words, body language, gestures, facial expressions, and even the slightest eye movement, etc.
I try to make myself clear by using words to write a novel. But won’t there be essential differences as soon as these words are conveyed in another language and thereby adopt another form? Even the Japanese do not always understand each other. It is possible, however, for people to understand each other’s feelings even without sharing the same words. During my visit to The Hague, I hope to meet people from other countries who understand both my books and me.